Meta一种群结构及其遗传后果

Ｍｅｔａｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ最初是由Ｌｅｖｉｎｓ[1 ] 提出 ,用于表示种群的种群 ,他的这个概念得到广泛接受。由于该词的多义以及在植物种群生态学中也用于表示构件种群 ,因此国内对该词的译法差别较大 ,叶万辉等人对此作了探讨[2 ] 。为防止概念的混淆 ,笔者在本文中采用ｍｅｔａ 种群。Ｍｅｔａ 种群概念被广泛接受的原因之一是它将景观生态学中时空尺度的观点应用于经典种群生态学 ,使其从局域扩展到一定的区域 ,因而更适合于物种的保护和管理 ,徐宏发等人[3] 对此也作了比较详细的论述。ｍｅｔａ 种群结构不仅在种群数量方面 ,对经…     

钟形斑褶菇的生理特性和子实体的培养研究

首次报道了钟形褶菇的苗种分离、菌丝体生理特性和栽培技术。钟形斑褶菇菌丝具有明显的锁状联合。菌丝生长适宜的温度是１０～４０℃,最适为２０～２５℃;适宜的ｐＨ范围是４．５～１３,最适为６～８．５;培养料适宜的含水量为４５％～７５％,最适为６５％～７０％;最佳的Ｃ源是：淀粉、蔗糖、纤维素;酵母粉、干酪素、硫酸铵、硝酸铵为最佳氮源。麦芽、麸皮、松针、干平菇、小麦、牛粪等天然材料的热水提取物对菌丝生长有利。子实体形成的温度范围为 ２０～３５℃,最适宜的温度范围应为２４～３０℃,正常的出菇季节为４～９月;最适宜的空气相对湿度应为７０％～８５％;子实体具有向光性、负向地性。栽培出菇的培养料为牛粪粉、草粉、麸皮及食用菌栽培的废料。瓶、袋栽均可,干物质生物学效率２％～５％。新鲜木屑、棉籽壳不适宜菌丝生长和出菇。说明该菌是草腐生菌物。子实体可直接在培养料上形成,出菇不需要覆刺激。     

A comparison of structural characteristics between old-growth and postfire second-growth hemlock–hardwood forests in Adirondack Park, New York, U. S. A.

1 This study compares the structural characteristics of 12 old‐growth and six postfire second‐growth hemlock–northern hardwood stands in north central Adirondack Park, New York, in order to test the null hypothesis that there are no differences in species composition, size structure, age structure and attributes such as dead wood and canopy gaps between old‐growth stands and this type of second‐growth forest. 2 The second‐growth forests of this study regenerated following widespread logging‐related fires in either 1903 or 1908; the old growth and second growth have similar environmental settings. 3 Estimates of stand ages, derived from an increment core of the oldest tree in each stand, range from 88 to 390 years. 4 Structural attributes are related to stand age (i.e. stage of development). In comparison with the second‐growth forests of this study, older stands are characterized as (a) a larger average diameter of canopy trees; (b) a greater basal area of trees; (c) a lower density of canopy trees and of all trees ≥ 10 cm d.b.h.; (d) a higher density of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) trees; (e) a higher density of large trees (≥ 50 cm d.b.h.); (f) larger canopy gaps; and (g) a greater volume of coarse woody debris (both logs ≥ 20 cm d.b.h. and snags ≥ 10 cm d.b.h.). 5 Despite differences between old growth and second growth, especially in species composition, it appears from observations of the 18 stands that second‐growth forests are developing some structural characteristics of old growth. 6 Structural attributes of the old‐growth forests are similar to characteristics of the same forest type in geographically distant areas in eastern USA.     

内蒙古毕拉河林区近十年森林景观变化及驱动力浅析

基于遥感信息和地理信息系统,在景观总体和斑块个体两个层次上,从景观总体特征、斑块个体特征及斑块相间相关特征等3个方面对大兴安岭毕拉河林区近10年来森林景观的变化进行了系统的研究．结果表明,由于近10年来人类对森林生态系统干扰的不断增强,研究区森林景观在类型、景观总体特征、斑块个体与相关特征等方面发生了较大的变化．近10年林区森林景观的发展趋势是：受人为干扰正逐步加强,作为人工景观标志的耕地、居民点面积正逐步增加．面积转移矩阵分析结果表明,1997年耕地面积增加主要是由柞树林转化而来的,占耕地构成的30．87％．景观异质性分析结果表明,研究区森林景观耕地斑块数量增加68．80％,平均面积减少4．82％,景观的优势度减少,多样性增加,斑块之间的聚集程度减弱,1988年由柞树林和针叶林等少数几种斑块在景观中占绝对优势的情况有所改变．对研究区和相关地区的自然地理、社会经济等研究表明,火干扰、森林采伐与毁林开荒等是森林景观变化的关键性趋动力．     

水稻株形对纹枯病抗性的影响

利用240份源于珍汕97B/明恢63的重组自交系水稻(Oryza sativa L.)群体,连续2年调查纹枯病病级与水稻生育期、株高和叶片长宽等18个株形性状的关系.对株形性状与纹枯病病级进行了偏相关分析.实验结果,只有植株松紧度与病级表型偏相关两年中都达到了显著或极显著水平,倒2叶基角、穗层整齐度等8个性状与病级之间的偏相关只有一年达显著或极显著水平.结合构建的分子标记遗传连锁图谱,对各性状进行QTL定位.在抗纹枯病QTL相近区间仅检测到控制分蘖角、植株松紧度和倒2叶基角的QTLS,未发现其余株形性状QTLs与抗纹枯病QTLs分布在同一染色体上.结果表明,水稻对纹枯病的抗性主要是由本身抗性基因控制,株形对纹枯病抗性表达的影响主要是间接影响,即通过改变田间小气候而影响发病程度.抗纹枯病育种在累加主效抗纹枯病QTLs的同时,也要注重选择不利于纹枯病发展的株形性状.     

秦岭种子植物区系科的组成、特点及其地理成分研究

秦岭种子植物区系组成丰富, 共有种子植物198 科、1007 属、3446 种, 区系组成的大科及主要科共16 科, 占秦岭种子植物总数属的50.05%, 总种数的57.25%, 它们构成了秦岭植物区系组成的基本框架, 就其性质来讲, 绝大多数为温带性质。松科、壳斗科、桦木科、杨柳科、蔷薇科、杜鹃花科、禾本科、莎草科等是秦岭植被的区系组成的优势科, 从地理成分上来分析, 本区科的分布型可以划分为世界或亚世界分布科、热带分布科、温带分布科、间断分布科以及东亚和中国特有科, 其区系的起源则有明显的古老性。     

不同间伐措施对乳源木莲生长的影响

由于间伐措施不同,杉木与乳源木莲混交林中的乳源木莲生长差异显著。间伐适时,乳源木莲的胸径、树高生长量明显增加,材积速生期延长,且17年生仍处在速生期;而逾期间伐,林分密度偏大,则混交林中乳源木莲生长受抑制,速生期提早结束,生长不良。作者认为,为提高杉莲混交林的经营效果,适时间伐、密度合理至关重要。     

桃花水母及其生态学研究进展

桃花水母是一种濒临绝迹、古老而珍稀的腔肠动物,已有数亿年以上的生存历史,是地球上最低等级的无脊椎动物,是腔肠动物中生活于淡水中的仅有种类,是进化过程中的关键物种,具有极高的生态和人文价值,重要的学术价值和观赏价值。由于三峡水库的蓄水,桃花水母的生境将惨遭淹没,桃花水母濒临灭绝,这一珍贵物种的灭绝,不仅是世界物种多样性的损失,也是我国古代记载的“桃花鱼”这一文化资源的永久丧失。由于桃花水母较为罕见和出现时间极短,人们对其知之甚少,故本文从其生物学特性、出现时间、种类、分布以及研究现状等方面对桃花水母进行了较为系统的概述,提出了保护和研究桃花水母的科学意义并指出了今后研究的方向。     

水稻对UV-B辐射增强的抗性遗传及其生理生化特性研究

本研究结果表明紫外线B(UVB,280～330nm)能严重影响水稻秧苗生长发育,从而引起植株矮化,叶片干枯,叶绿素含量降低,单株干物质减少甚至死亡。不同水稻基因型对紫外线的反应存在明显差异。在3个供试品种(HR、M63、Hr)中,HR最抗UVB危害。遗传分析表明水稻抗UVB的性状为数量遗传性状且受多对隐性基因控制,生化分析表明水稻秧苗经UVB处理后,在0～3d内,随着时间推移,秧苗保护酶活性明显增强,之后,保护酶活性逐惭下降,MDA含量相应增加。抗UVB品种HR比感UVB品种Hr保护酶活性一直较高,膜质过氧化程度较低,反映了保护酶对抵抗UVB危害的重要作用。     

Porites growth characteristics in a changed environment: Misima Island, Papua New Guinea

 The construction in 1988 of an open-cut gold mine and ore-processing facility at Misima Island, Papua New Guinea, resulted in disturbance of the adjacent fringing coral reef, mostly because of large increases in sedimentation. This provided an opportunity to examine whether growth characteristics of the major reef-building coral, Porites, changed in response to this sudden and sustained increase in sedimentation. Annual variation in skeletal density was measured in 93 colonies variously affected by sedimentation. The colonies provided data for average annual density, annual extension and annual calcification covering the periods 5 y before and 5 y after mining operations began. The average depth of skeleton occupied by tissue (tissue layer thickness) was also measured for most colonies. There was high mortality of Porites in regions strongly affected by increased sedimentation. In colonies that survived, density, extension and calcification tended to be less (in some cases significantly) in the period after mining operations began compared with pre-construction levels. However, these decreases were not linked with proximity to the mine site and probably reflect a regional-scale response of Porites growth to some other environmental change. This suggests that periods of high sedimentation may not be recorded by the growth characteristics of massive Porites. Average growth characteristics of surviving Porites from Misima Island were similar to those from inshore reefs of the northern Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Tissue layer thickness in Porites from the control areas at Misima Island were also similar to colonies from the northern inshore GBR reefs. However, tissue layer thickness significantly decreased with increased proximity to the mine site at Misima Island. Accepted: 15 May 1999